Shini Art

After making the list of various alternatives along with the assumptions supporting them, the manager starts evaluating each and every alternative and notes down the position and negative aspects of every alternative. After this the manager starts eliminating the alternatives with more of negative aspect and the one with the maximum position aspect and with [...]

Ensures Issuing of Instructions: the supervisor makes sure that all the instructions are communicated to each and every employee. The top level and middle level, plan out all the instructions but the instructions are issued only by supervisory level management.
Facilitates Control: control means match between actual and planned output. Whenever the workers are under constant [...]

The success or failure of production and distribution function of business depends upon the financial decisions as right decision ensures smooth flow of finance and smooth operation of production and distribution. It provides a detailed plan of action for reducing uncertainly and for the proper direction of individual and group efforts. Financial planning attempts to [...]

Decentralization can be defined as even and systematic distribution of authority at every level of management. Under decentralization every employees working at different levels gets some share in the authority. Decentralization is a policy matter and managers plan in advance whether to go for centralized or decentralization policy. Some times company follows a mixed [...]

Management helps in achieving group goal: management tries to integrate the objectives of individuals along with organizational goal. Management directs the efforts of all the individuals in the common direction of achieving organization goal.
Management brings harmony in work: in an organization employee come from different backgrounds, they have different attitudes and different style of working [...]

Some times the message sent by sender does not reach the receiver in the same manner of communication may cause misunderstanding. Therefore it is important for a manger to identify these barriers and take measures to overcome these. Some times the same words and sentences can be understood differently by different peope in the organization [...]

It is a control technique which provides information and support for effective managerial decision-making. Right decision can be taken at right time only when managers receive accurate and timely information.
MIS provides the required information to managers on time and systematically. MIS is a communication tool for managers.
By getting information on time managers can take timely [...]

It refers to first time sale of securities by a company. Under this method company issues a prospectus to inform and attract general public. In prospectus company provides details about the purpose, for which funds are being raised, past financial performance of the company, background and future prospects of company. The information in the prospectus [...]

Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet each other and conduct buying and selling activities. The focus of market is not on a place rather it is on meeting of buyers and sellers. Traditionally the buyers and sellers were meeting at a physical location only today business is conducted on telephone, through mail, [...]

The various factors which influence the decision of capital structure are:
Cash flow ability: the decision related to composition of capital structure also depends upon the ability of business to generate enough cash flow. The company is under legal obligation to pay a fixed rate of interest to debenture holders, dividend to preference shares and principal [...]

Discipline refers to general rules regulations for systematic working in an organization. Fayol insists that discipline is required at superior as well as subordinate level. The disciplinary rules shall not be applicable only on subordinates but discipline requires good superior at every level, clear and fair agreement between superior and subordinates.
The employees must honor their [...]

Capital structure means the proportion of debt and equity used for financing the operations of business. In other words, capital structure represents the proportion of debt capital and equity capital in the structure. What kind of capital structure is best for a firm is very difficult to define. The capital structure should be such which [...]

 
Motivation can be defined as stimulating, inspiring and including the employees to perform to their best capacity. Motivation is a psychological term which means it cannot be forced on employees. It comes automatically from inside the employees as it is the willingness to do the work.
Motive: A motion is an inner state or desire which [...]

Decentralization is extension of delegation. In delegation we multiply the authority with two whereas in decentralization the authority is multiplied by many because systematic delegation talking place at every level will result in evenly distribution of authority and responsibility at every level and result in decentralization. If delegation is restricted to certain levels only then [...]

After setting up of objectives the managers make a list of alternatives through which the organization can achieve its objectives as there can be many ways to achieve the objective and managers must know all the ways to reach the objectives. After making the list of various alternatives along with assumptions supporting them, the manager [...]

Planning starts with the determination of objectives. We cannot think of planning in absence of objective. After setting up of the objectives, planning decides the methods, procedures and steps to be taken for achievement of set objectives. Planners also help and bring changes in the plan of thongs are not moving in the direction of [...]

The employees in the organization start working only when they get instructions and directions form their superiors. In the directing functions the superiors direct the actions of employees towards the predetermined goals of the organization. If the directing function is executed successfully then it results in unity of direction and achievement of organization goals.
In the [...]

Marketing management means management of all the activities related to marketing or in other words we can say, it refers to planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities which result in exchange of goods and services.
The main focus of marketing is on exchange of goods and services Philip Kotler defined marketing management as “the art [...]

As we have already learnt that management does not refer to a single individual but it refers to a group of persons. In companies large number of persons are employed and placed at different paces to perform different managerial activities. To carry on these activities these employees are given necessary authority and responsibility.
This grant of [...]