Shini Art

In India there are about 500 consumers’ organizations working in the field of consumers’ protection. The most popular are: Consumers’ guidance society of India (Mumbai), Citizen Action group (Mumbai), consumer education and research (CERC) Ahmedabad, Common cause (New Delhi) etc. consumer unity and trust society (CUTS). These associations are performing following functions:
Bringing out brochures, journals [...]

In India large number if consumers are living below poverty line and large number are illiterate and unaware of their rights sp consumer protection movement cannot be the same as followed by developed countries. In India it has to be a social movement wherein people of all walks of life have to play their role. [...]

Although businessman is aware of his social responsibilities even then we come across many cases of exploitation. That is why government of India provided following rights to all the consumers under the consume protection. According to this right the consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are [...]

Companies act has given certain provisions regarding the payment of dividends that is dividends can be paid only out of current year profit or past year profit after providing depreciation fund. In case company is not earning profit then it can not declare dividend. Apart from the companies Act there are certain internal provisions of [...]

Management of work all organizations are set up to perform some task or goal. Management activities aim at achieving goals or tasks to be accomplished. The task or work depends upon the natural of business for example, work to be accomplished in a school is providing education, in hospital is to treat patient, in industry [...]

After making the list of various alternatives along with the assumptions supporting them, the manager starts evaluating each and every alternative and notes down the position and negative aspects of every alternative. After this the manager starts eliminating the alternatives with more of negative aspect and the one with the maximum position aspect and with [...]

These are the techniques which were commonly used by various companies. Although in present environment these have become outdated but still many companies are using these: personal observation, statistical reports, break even analysis, and budgetary control.
Personal observations: this is the most traditional and most popular method of control. Under this manager observe the subordinators while [...]

Ensures Issuing of Instructions: the supervisor makes sure that all the instructions are communicated to each and every employee. The top level and middle level, plan out all the instructions but the instructions are issued only by supervisory level management.
Facilitates Control: control means match between actual and planned output. Whenever the workers are under constant [...]

Market condition: there are two main conditions of market i.e., boom condition and recession or depression condition. There conditions affect the capital structure specially when company is planning to raise additional capital. Depending upon the market condition the investors may be more careful in their dealings.
During depression period in the market business is slow and [...]

Control system loses its effectiveness when standard of performance can not be defined in quantitative terms and it is very difficult to set quantitative standard for human behavior, efficiency level, job satisfaction, employee’s morale. I such cases judgment depends upon the discretion of manager. An enterprise can not control the external factors such as government [...]

The success or failure of production and distribution function of business depends upon the financial decisions as right decision ensures smooth flow of finance and smooth operation of production and distribution. It provides a detailed plan of action for reducing uncertainly and for the proper direction of individual and group efforts. Financial planning attempts to [...]

Decentralization can be defined as even and systematic distribution of authority at every level of management. Under decentralization every employees working at different levels gets some share in the authority. Decentralization is a policy matter and managers plan in advance whether to go for centralized or decentralization policy. Some times company follows a mixed [...]

Management helps in achieving group goal: management tries to integrate the objectives of individuals along with organizational goal. Management directs the efforts of all the individuals in the common direction of achieving organization goal.
Management brings harmony in work: in an organization employee come from different backgrounds, they have different attitudes and different style of working [...]

Some times the message sent by sender does not reach the receiver in the same manner of communication may cause misunderstanding. Therefore it is important for a manger to identify these barriers and take measures to overcome these. Some times the same words and sentences can be understood differently by different peope in the organization [...]

It is a control technique which provides information and support for effective managerial decision-making. Right decision can be taken at right time only when managers receive accurate and timely information.
MIS provides the required information to managers on time and systematically. MIS is a communication tool for managers.
By getting information on time managers can take timely [...]

It refers to first time sale of securities by a company. Under this method company issues a prospectus to inform and attract general public. In prospectus company provides details about the purpose, for which funds are being raised, past financial performance of the company, background and future prospects of company. The information in the prospectus [...]

Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet each other and conduct buying and selling activities. The focus of market is not on a place rather it is on meeting of buyers and sellers. Traditionally the buyers and sellers were meeting at a physical location only today business is conducted on telephone, through mail, [...]

The various factors which influence the decision of capital structure are:
Cash flow ability: the decision related to composition of capital structure also depends upon the ability of business to generate enough cash flow. The company is under legal obligation to pay a fixed rate of interest to debenture holders, dividend to preference shares and principal [...]

Discipline refers to general rules regulations for systematic working in an organization. Fayol insists that discipline is required at superior as well as subordinate level. The disciplinary rules shall not be applicable only on subordinates but discipline requires good superior at every level, clear and fair agreement between superior and subordinates.
The employees must honor their [...]

When the activities or jobs are grouped keeping in mind the functions or the job then it is called functional structure. For examples, all the jobs related to production department, related to sales in sales department, related to purchases in purchase department and so on. Within the departments also grouping is done on the basis [...]

Planning off-sets uncertainties: organizations have to face many uncertainties and unexpected situations every day. Planning helps the manager to face the uncertainty because planners try to foresee the future by making some assumptions regarding future keeping in mind their past experiences and scanning of business environments. The plans are made to overcome such uncertainties. The [...]

Capital structure means the proportion of debt and equity used for financing the operations of business. In other words, capital structure represents the proportion of debt capital and equity capital in the structure. What kind of capital structure is best for a firm is very difficult to define. The capital structure should be such which [...]

 
Motivation can be defined as stimulating, inspiring and including the employees to perform to their best capacity. Motivation is a psychological term which means it cannot be forced on employees. It comes automatically from inside the employees as it is the willingness to do the work.
Motive: A motion is an inner state or desire which [...]

The Industry Information Technology is growing very high speed; and the reason is behind its trained and well qualified IT professionals. There is Global Knowledge a top in business & IT guidance service provider area. It has performed by a study on work marketplace, IT and IT Salary Survey to verify some important features [...]

Decentralization is extension of delegation. In delegation we multiply the authority with two whereas in decentralization the authority is multiplied by many because systematic delegation talking place at every level will result in evenly distribution of authority and responsibility at every level and result in decentralization. If delegation is restricted to certain levels only then [...]

After setting up of objectives the managers make a list of alternatives through which the organization can achieve its objectives as there can be many ways to achieve the objective and managers must know all the ways to reach the objectives. After making the list of various alternatives along with assumptions supporting them, the manager [...]

Planning starts with the determination of objectives. We cannot think of planning in absence of objective. After setting up of the objectives, planning decides the methods, procedures and steps to be taken for achievement of set objectives. Planners also help and bring changes in the plan of thongs are not moving in the direction of [...]

The employees in the organization start working only when they get instructions and directions form their superiors. In the directing functions the superiors direct the actions of employees towards the predetermined goals of the organization. If the directing function is executed successfully then it results in unity of direction and achievement of organization goals.
In the [...]

The firm must estimate its working capital very accurately because excessive working capital result in unnecessary accumulation of inventory and wastage of capital whereas shortage of working capital affect the smooth flow of operating cycle and business fails to meet its commitment. So finance manager must keep in mind following factors before estimating the amount [...]

Marketing plays a very important role for profit as well as non-profit making organization. Mon-profit earning organization achieves their objectives through marketing. Various promotional tools are used to make polio drop project popular. Role of marketing in different situations can be explained in following way.
Modern concept of marketing plays a significant role in achieving objectives [...]

You know in this time lots of loans provider companies in the market and they present attractive offers for finance and loans. But problem is customers are not completely satisfied their offers and searching for the top finance provider companies. So don’t worry because the problem solution is here Ezunsecured.com would be the most excellent [...]

Some companies believe that it is easy to sell the productions when products are inexpensive and are easily available. So the firms following production concept focus on lowering the cost of production by means of mass production and distribution but the drawback of this concept is that customers don’t always buy products which are inexpensive [...]

Marketing management means management of all the activities related to marketing or in other words we can say, it refers to planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities which result in exchange of goods and services.
The main focus of marketing is on exchange of goods and services Philip Kotler defined marketing management as “the art [...]

You know in these time most of the American peoples are have bad credit listed. Therefore they looking the lenders and companies who could present them personal loans, home loans, Debt Relief, Credit Repair and despite auto loans to have bad credit past. So, don’t worry because here good news for bad credit peoples. The [...]

As we have already learnt that management does not refer to a single individual but it refers to a group of persons. In companies large number of persons are employed and placed at different paces to perform different managerial activities. To carry on these activities these employees are given necessary authority and responsibility.
This grant of [...]