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Management of work all organizations are set up to perform some task or goal. Management activities aim at achieving goals or tasks to be accomplished. The task or work depends upon the natural of business for example, work to be accomplished in a school is providing education, in hospital is to treat patient, in industry to manufacture some product. Management makes sure that work is accomplished effectively and efficiently.

Management of people refers to human resources and human resources are the most important assets of an organization. An organization can win over competitor with efficient employees only because two organizations can have same physical, technological and financial resources but not human resources. Management has to get task accomplished through people only. Making people has two dimensions first is taking care of employee’s individual needs and second is taking care of group of people.

Management operation refers to activities of production cycle such as buying inputs, converting them into semi-finished goods, finished goods. Management of operations concentrating on mixing management of work with management of people i.e. , deciding what work has to be done, how it has to be done and who will do it.

The best alternative is selected but as such there is no mathematical formula to select the best alternative. Sometimes instead of selecting one alternative, a combination of different alternatives can also be selected. The most ideal plan is most feasible profitable and with least negative consequences.

After preparing the main plan, the organization has to make number of small plans to support the main plan. These plans are related to performance of routine jobs in the organization. These are derived from the major plan. So, they are also known as derivative plans. These plans are must for accomplishing the objective of main plan. The common supportive plans are plans to buy equipment, plan for recruitment and selection of employees, plan to buy raw material.

These are the techniques which were commonly used by various companies. Although in present environment these have become outdated but still many companies are using these: personal observation, statistical reports, break even analysis, and budgetary control.

Personal observations: this is the most traditional and most popular method of control. Under this manager observe the subordinators while they are performing jobs. They generally note down their observations. With the help of observations they can easily analysis the performance of employees. By comparing the performance chart of current year with previous year the managers can know the progress of their performance.

Statistical Reports: various concepts of stats such as graphical presentation, correlation, average, percentage, rations etc, are very useful analyzing the performance of employees. By converting performances report into statistical chart or table you can easily point out the progress or deviation of performance.

Break even Analysis: break even analysis is a useful technique to study relationship between costs and profit, break even point is a point of no profits no loss. When a sale reaches break even point, it refers to sale amount which company is neither earning profits nor incurring loss. With the help of break even analysis technique manager can estimate profits at levels of cost and revenue.

Facilitates Control: control means match between actual and planned output. Whenever the workers are under constant supervision or monitoring then step by step check is kept and if they are deviating from plan then immediate instructions are issued by the supervisor. By this constant monitoring, the supervision function ensures strict control over the activities of subordinates.

Optimum Utilization of Resources: when the workers are constantly monitored or observed then they always use the resources in the best possible manner which leads to minimum wastages. But if there is no supervision or check on workers they may result in wastage of resources.

Discipline: the strict supervision and guidance of supervisor encourages the employees and workers to be more disciplined in their activities. Under the guidance of supervisor the workers follow a fixed of strict time and execute the plans in right directions.

During depression period in the market business is slow and investors also hesitate to take rise so at this it is advisable to issue borrowed fund securities as these are less risky and ensure fixed repayment and regular payment of interest but if there is boom period, business is flourishing and investors also take risk and prefer to invest in equity shares to earn more in the form of dividend.

Floating costs: floating cost is the cost involved in the issue of shares or debentures. These costs include the cost of advertisement, underwriting statutory fees etc. it is a major consideration for small companies but even large companies cannot ignore this factor because along with coat there are many legal formalities to be completes before entering into capital market. Issue of shares, debentures requires more formalities as well as more flotation cost. Where as there is less cost involved in raising capital by loans or advances.

Control system loses its effectiveness when standard of performance can not be defined in quantitative terms and it is very difficult to set quantitative standard for human behavior, efficiency level, job satisfaction, employee’s morale. I such cases judgment depends upon the discretion of manager. An enterprise can not control the external factors such as government policy, technological changes, change in fashion, and change in competitor’s policy.

Employees often resist control and as a result effectiveness of control reduces. Employees feel control reduces or curtails their freedom. Employees may resist and go against the use of cameras, to observe them minutely. Control is an expensive process. It involves lot of time and effort as sufficient attention has to be paid to observe the performance of the employees.

To install an expensive control system organizations have to spend large amount. Management must compare the benefits of controlling system with the cost involved in installing them. The benefits must be more then the cost involved then only controlling will be effective otherwise it will lead to inefficiency.

Financial is the life blood of business. So financial planning is an integral part of the corporate planning of business. All business plans depend upon the soundness of financial planning. By anticipating the financial requirements financial planning helps to avoid shock or surprise which otherwise firm have face in uncertain situations. Financial planning helps in deciding debt/equity ratio and by deciding where to invest this fund. It creates a link between both the decisions. It helps in coordinating various business functions such as production, sales function. Financial planning relates present financial requirement with future requirement by anticipating the sales and growth plans of the company.

They keep the important matters such as financial decisions, structural decisions with the top level management only and share the common decisions with the people working at different levels.

In the process of decentralization top level managers are not overburdened with the responsibility and authority as they systematically pass the authority and responsibility at different levels and they become free to concentrate on core and important issues. Passing of authority at middle and lower level shows the trust and faith of top level in their subordinates and this trust and faith motivates the employees working at different levels as they are allowed to take decision without seeking the approval of superiors.

Management brings harmony in work: in an organization employee come from different backgrounds, they have different attitudes and different style of working and if every one start following his own style, it can lead to chaos and confusion in the organization. By giving directions managers bring uniformity and harmony in the action of employees.

Management improves efficiency: managers try to reduce the cost and improve productivity with minimum wastage of resources. Management insists on efficiency and effectiveness in the work through planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.

Critical ingredient in nation’s growth and helps in development of society: efficient management always has multiple objectives, they give due importance to social obligations, towards different groups of people such as employees, customers, suppliers etc. it insists on providing quality goods, competitive salary, create employment opportunity etc. by increasing production management also contributes to increases in GDP and leads to growth of nation.

If the production manager announces in the meeting that there will be increase in budget of production department then employees may understand their salary will increase but mangers may understand it that expensive machinery will be purchased. Some times due to lack of vocabulary manager may use wrong words, omission of needed words. Due to this the manager may fail to convery the same meaning to his subordinates.

Some times a word may have different meaning. Receiver may understand the other meaning. Price, prize, principle, principal, right, write or handle with care. Hold the handle of door carefully. Some times the workers do not understand the language which is used by manger so workers get it translated. If translator is not efficient he may make mistake in translation. Due to wrong translation there may be transfer of wrong message.

MIS provides the required information to managers on time and systematically. MIS is a communication tool for managers.

By getting information on time managers can take timely actions if actual performance is different from standards. Advantages of MIS are:

• It provides accurate information to all the managers working at different levels.
• It helps in planning, controlling and decision-making.
• It provides cost effective management information.
• It improves quality of information with which a manager works.
• It reduces information overload i.e., only relevant information is provided to them.

Under this method new securities are offered to general public but not directly by the company but by an intermediary who buys whole lot of securities from the company. Generally the intermediaries are the firms of brokers. So sale of securities takes place in two steps: first when the company issues securities to the intermediary at face value and second when intermediaries issues securities to general public at higher price to earn profit. Under this method company is saved from the formalities and complexities of issuing securities directly to public.

Under this method the securities are sold by the company to an intermediary at a fixed price and in second step intermediaries sell these securities not to general public but to selected clients at higher price. The issuing company issues prospectus to give details about its objectives, future prospects so that reputed clients prefer to buy the security from intermediary. Under this method the intermediaries issue securities to selected clients such as UTI, LIC general insurance.

People with same need amy want different product for example, to satisfy the need of food south Indian may want dosa, Punjabi may want chholley pathure, youngsters amy want pizza or burger. When want is bagged by purchasing power then it gets converted into demand. A customer may want to have a coke but he will demand it only when he has money to buy it so want with the purchasing power is called demand and it is demand which is more important for marketer or sellers.

Cash flow ability: the decision related to composition of capital structure also depends upon the ability of business to generate enough cash flow. The company is under legal obligation to pay a fixed rate of interest to debenture holders, dividend to preference shares and principal and interest amount for loan. Sometimes company makes sufficient profit but it is not able to generate cash inflow for making payments.

The expected cash flow must match with the obligation of making payments because if company fails to make fixed payment it may face insolvency. Before including the debt in capital structure company must analyze properly the liquidity of its working capital.

A company employs more of debt securities in its capital structure if company is sure of generating enough cash inflow whereas if there is shortage of cash then it must employ more of equity share holders.

Satellite high speed Internet service can be used without tying up phone line. Thus it gets free people from missing important calls and slow dial up service.

It helps to easy downloads of video and audio data on the web.

Satellite high speed Internet service is more expensive than Cable or DSL however it offers the high speed service.       

Customer can search more about particular products and purchase as well online. It reduces need of sale executive and customers can buy online products at any hour and any day in a week.  Internet marketing is the cheapest and best way to promote products worldwide. It is much better than other traditional form of marketing in many aspects such as radio and TV, print.

The employees must honor their commitments towards the organization by working effectively and efficiently. On the other hand, superior must also meet their commitments by their promises of increments, promotions, and wage revisions.

According to this principle one unit means one plan that is the efforts of all members and employees of organization must be directed towards one direction that is the achievement of common goal. If this principle is applied it leads to coordination, each department and group having objective must have one head and one plan only.

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Specialization:  when the activities are grouped according to the type of function then all the activities are related to one type only. So, the specialized and professional experts can be hired to supervise those activities. This leads to efficiency and specialization.

Easy supervision: the supervisor becomes familiar with the type of task to be performed because all tasks are related to one function only. As a result he can supervise and guide the employees who are performing those activates.

Focuses attention on objectives of the company: planning function begins with the setting up of the objectives, policies, procedures, methods and rules etc. which are made in planning to archive these objectives only. When employees follow the plan they are leading towards the achievement of objectives. Through planning, efforts of all the employees are directed towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives.       

The NFR known popularly as the super bowl of rodeo, held annually is a championship event by the PRCA. The 1st National Finals Rodeo was held in 1959 in Dallas and nonstop at that place through 1961. In 1962 to 1964 hosted the competition Los Angeles. The main final events are Bareback riding, Steer wrestling, Team roping, Saddle bronc riding, Tie-down roping, Bull riding, and Barrel racing (only event exclusive to women).

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Debt and equity differ in cost and risk. As debt involves less cost but it is very risky securities whereas equity is expansive securities but these are safe securities from companies’ point of view.

Debt is risky because payment of regular interest on debt is a legal obligation of the business. In case they fail to pay debt security holders can claim over the assets of the company and if firm fails to meet return of principal amount it can even go to liquidation and stage of insolvency.

Equity securities are safe securities from company’s point of view as company has no legal obligation to pay dividend to equity shareholder if it is running in loss but these are expensive securities.

Motive: A motion is an inner state or desire which energizes an individual to move or to behave towards achievement of goal. Motive arises out of needs of an individual. When a motive emerges in an individual, it causes restlessness as he wants to fulfill his motive. For example motive to earn induces an individual to search for job or work. Individual search for food to fulfill the motive of hunger.

Motivation: it is a process of inducing people to perfume to their best ability to accomplish the goal.

Motivators: Motivators are the incentives or techniques used to motivate the people in an organization. Common motivators used by the managers are increment, bonus, promotion, respect etc.